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octopus > humans

Human-like movement control helps flexible arms achieve precision

The octopus arm is extremely flexible. Thanks to this flexibility--the arm is said to possess a virtually infinite number of "degrees of freedom"--the octopus is able to generate a vast repertoire of movements that is unmatched by the human arm. Nonetheless, despite the huge evolutionary gap and morphological differences between the octopus and vertebrates, the octopus arm acts much like a three-jointed vertebrate limb when the octopus performs precise point-to-point movements. Researchers have now illuminated how octopus arms are able to form joint-like structures, and how the movements of these joints are controlled.
The new findings, which appear in the April 18th issue of Current Biology, are reported by Tamar Flash of the Weizmann Institute of Science, Binyamin Hochner and German Sumbre of Hebrew University, and Graziano Fiorito of the Stazione Zoologica di Napoli.

The extreme motility of the octopus arm demands a highly complex motor control system. Past work from Dr. Hochner's group showed that when retrieving food to its mouth, the octopus actually shapes its arm into a quasi-articulated structure by forming three bends that act like skeletal joints. This puts an artificial constraint of sorts on the arm's movement and simplifies the otherwise complex control of movement that would be needed for the arm to fetch food from a distant point to the octopus's mouth.

In the new work, the researchers sought to identify how the octopus manages to transform its extremely flexible arm into a structure that acts like a jointed appendage. By recording muscle activity as the arm creates the joint-like bends, the researchers found that the arm generates two waves of muscle contraction that propagate toward each other, setting the second, or medial, joint at their collision point. This is a remarkably simple mechanism for adjusting the length of the arm segments according to where the object is grasped along the arm. The arm also forms a proximal joint near where the arm meets the body, and a distal joint near the suckers that have grasped the food. The medial joint typically exhibits the most movement during food retrieval.

The authors also found evidence that, like certain types of human arm movements, octopus fetching movements are controlled in terms of joint angles, rather than by a system that relies on the brain's coordinate-based map of external space.

The presence of similar structural features and control strategies in articulated limbs (for example, jointed vertebrate arms) and flexible octopus arms suggests that these qualities have evolved convergently in octopuses and in vertebrates, and it also suggests that an articulated limb--controlled at the level of joints--is the optimal solution to the challenge of achieving precise point-to-point movements by a limb.

harvest

Hearth Gods
In the islands of the Middle Sea, most people have household shrines for their ancestors and local gods. There are a lot of local gods, and no priest can figure out the relationship between them and the Ancient Gods. On the island of Sairboern, three unnamed gods are worshipped:

Harvest
Manifests as an octopus carrying throw-nets and tridents. Every fishing vessel from Sairboern has a small shrine to this god, and pregnant women are expected to wear an octopus necklace to ensure a healthy birth.

Duty
Doesn't manifest, but is represented by a fasces and a straw broom. This is the god of duties to your ancestors (the straw broom is for maintaining the house shrine) and to your community (the fasces represents obedience to town law.) It is commonly believed that your ancestor and hearth gods consult with Duty before assisting you in any way, and that Duty is continually judging you on your obedients to ancestors and community.

Death
Manifests as a skeleton carrying a basket and shears (presumably for harvesting a soul when someone dies.) Death is always welcomed, because if someone dies and doesn't have their soul harvested, they will become a ghost, zombie, ghoul, or something equally appalling. People usually leave out a glass of soured wine or spoiled beer so that Death can have a cool dead drink when it visits.

endless gain